Palabras clave
Síndrome hepatorrenal
Insuficiencia renal
Cirrosis hepática
Tratamiento
Insuficiencia renal
Cirrosis hepática
Tratamiento
Cómo citar
1.
Villanueva Bendek I. Síndrome hepatorrenal: Revisión de la literatura. Rev. Colomb. Nefrol. [Internet]. 1 de julio de 2014 [citado 3 de julio de 2024];1(2):118-29. Disponible en: https://revistanefrologia.org/index.php/rcn/article/view/183
Resumen
El síndrome hepatorrenal (SHR) es una complicación frecuente y severa en pacientes con cirrosis hepática e hipertensión portal y se caracteriza por anormalidades circulatorias que llevan a vasoconstricción renal, generando insuficiencia renal funcional.
Su fisiopatología ha sido estudiada y el pronóstico es reservado a menos que el paciente reciba trasplante hepático. El tratamiento medicamentoso con vasoconstrictores esplénicos es la esperanza futura de estos pacientes
mientras acceden a trasplante hepático.
Citas
1. Helwing FC, Scuhtz CB. A liver –Kidney sindrome. Clinical,pathological and experimental studies. Surg Gynecol Obst 1.932;55:570-580.
2. Wilensky AO. Occurrence, distribution and pathogenesis of so –called liver death and / or hepatorenal syndrome. Arch Surg 1939;38:625-631.
3. Epstein M. Effects of heart and liver disease and neoplasia on kidney and electrolyte metabolism. In: Massry & Glassok ´s. Textbook of nephrology. 4st ed. Baltimore: Williams& Wilkins, 2000:1067-1077.
4. Flint A. Clinical report on hydro- peritoneum based on a analysis of forty –six cases. Am J med Sci 1863;45:306-339.
5. Hecker R, Sherlock S, Electrolyte and circulatory changes in terminal liver failure. Lancet 1956;2:1221-1225.
6. Koppel MH, Coburn JN et al. Transplantation of cadaveric kidneys from patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Evidence for the functional nature of renal failure in advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 1969;280:1367-1371.
7. Iwatsuki S, Popovtzer MM, et al. Recovery from “hepatorenal syndrome” after orthotopic liver transplantation. N Engl J med 1973;1973;289:1155-1159.
8. Paper S: Hepatorenal syndrome. In Epstein M (ed): The Kidney in Liver Disease, 2 nd ed. New York, Elsevier, 1983, p 87.
9. Shear L, Kleinerman J, Gabuzda GJ: Renal failure in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. I. Clinical and pathologic characteristics. Am J med 39:184,1965.
10. Bataller R, Gines P, Guevara M, Arroyo V. Hepatorenal syndrome. Semin Liver Dis 1997;17:233-248.
11. Bernardo DE, Summerskill WH, Strong CG, Baldus WP. Renal function, rennin activity and endogenous vasoactive substances in cirrhosis. Am J Dig Dis 1970;15:419–425.
12. Dibona GF. Renal nerve activity in hepatorenal syndrome. Kidney Int 1984;25:841-853.
13. Cupin W. Diagnosis and pathophysiology of hepatorenal syndrome. Available from: URL: http//:internet links (http://
www.hdcn.com/symp/02asnb/kup/kup.htm.
14. Bolton C, Barnard WG. The pathological occurrence of the liver in experimental venous stagnation. J Pathol Bacteriol 1931;34:701-706.
15. Papper S. The role of the kidney in Laennec´s cirrhosis of the liver. Medicine 1958;37:299-316.
16. Perera GA. The plasma volume in Laennec´s cirrhosis of the liver. Ann Intern Med 1946;24:643-648.
17. Lieberman FL, Denison EK, Reynolds TB. The relationship of plasma volume, hypertension portal, ascites and renal sodium, and water retention in cirrhosis: the “overflow” theory of ascitis formation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1970;170:202-206.
18. Schier RW, Arroyo V Bernardi M, et al. Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988;8:1151-1157.
19. Ring-Larsen H . Renal blood flow in patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Scand J Clin Invest. 1977 Nov;37(7):635-42
20. Asbert M et al. Humoral response to cirrhosis .Gastroenterology .1993 May; 104(5):1485-91.
21. Ginés P, Fernández-Esparrach G, Arroyo V, Rodés J. Pathogenesis of ascitis in cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 1997;17:175-90.
22. Arroyo V, Ginés P, Jiménez W, Rodés J. Ascitis, renal failure and electrolyte disorders in cirrhosis. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. In : McIntyre N, Benhamou JP, Bircher J,et al, eds. Oxford: Oxford medical publications, 1991:429-470.
23. Laffi G, La Villa G, Pinzani M, et al. Arachidonic acid derivatives and renal function in liver cirrhosis. Semin Nephrol 1997;17:530-548.
24. Ros J, Jiménez W, Bosch-Marcé M, et al. Role of nitric oxide and prostacyclin in the control of renal perfusion in experimental cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995;21:915-920.
25. Quintero E, Ginés P, Arroyo V, et al. Sulindac reduces the urinary excretion of prostaglandins and impairs renal function
in cirrhosis with ascitis. Nephron 1986;42:298-303.
26. Ginés P, Schrier RW. Hepatorenal Syndrome and renal dysfunction associated with liver disease. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, eds. Diseases of the kidney. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1997:2099-2127.
27. Paper S Belsky JL, Bleifer KH. Renal failure in Laennec´s cirrhosis of the liver. I. Description of clinical and laboratory features. Ann Intern Med 1959;51:759.
28. Epstein M: The Hepatorenal Syndrome. Emerging perspective of pathophysiology and therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994;4:173594.
29. Epstein M, Oster JR, DeVelasco RE: Hepatorenal syndrome following hemihepatectomy. Clin Nephrology 1976;5:128.
30. Arroyo V, Ginés P, Gerbes A, et al. Definition and criteria diagnostic of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1996;23:164-176.
31. Arroyo V, Rodés J. A rational approach to the treatment of ascitis. Postgrad Med J 1975;51:558-562.
32. Ginés J, Schrier RW. Hepatorenal Syndrome and renal dysfunction associated with liver disease. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, eds. Diseases of the kidney. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1997:2099-2127.
33. Ignatius KP. Hepatorenal Syndrome. In: Johnson RJ, Feehally J, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 1ed. Barcelona: Mosby; 2000,4:17.1-17.8.
34. Takabatake T et al. Discrepancy between creatinine clearance and rate filtration glomerular in patients with liver diseases. Arch Inter Med 1988 Jun;148(6):1313-1315.
35. Ginés P, Rodés J. Clinical disorders of renal function in cirrhosis with ascites. In: Arroyo V, Ginés P, Rodés J, Schrier RW. Ed. Ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease1st ed. Massachusetts: Blackwell Science, Inc; 1999:36-62.
36. Horio M, Orita Y, Fukunaga M. Assessment of renal Function. In: Johnson RJ, Feehaly J, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 1st ed. Barcelona: Mosby; 2000;2:3.1-4.10.
37. Nadim MK, Kellum JA, Davenport A, Wong F, Davis C, Pannu N, Tolwani A, Bellomo R, Genyk YS; ADQI Workgroup. Hepatorenal syndrome: the 8th International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group.Crit Care. 2012 Feb 9;16(1):R23.
38. Demirtas S, Bozbas A, Akbay A, et al. Diagnostic value of serum cystatina for evaluation of hepatorenal syndrome. Clin Chim Act .2001;311(2):81-89.
39. Eknoyan G. Glomerular abnormalities in liver disease. In: Epstein M, ed. The Kidney in liver disease. Baltimore: Williams& Wilkins. 1988:154-181.
40. Platt JF, Ellis JH, Rubin Jm, et al. Renal duplex doppler ultrasonography: a noninvasive predictor of kidney dysfunction and hepatorenal failure in liver disease. Hepatology 1994;20:362-369.
41. Gonwa TA, Morris CA, Goldstein RM, et al.: Long-term survival and function renal following liver transplantation in patients with and without hepatorenal syndrome- Experience in 300 patients. Transplantation. 1991;51:428.
42. Iwatsuki S, Popovtzer MM, Corman JL, et al: Recovery from hepatorenal syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation. N Eng J Med 289:1155,1973.
43. Wood RP, Ellis D, Starzl TE. The reversal of the hepatorenal syndrome in four pediatric patients following successful orthotopic liver transplantation. Ann Surg 205:415,1987.
44. Ortega R, Calahorra B, Ginés P. Vasoconstrictores en el tratamiento del Síndrome Hepatorrenal. Nefrología 2002 .Vol XXII;S 5:56-61.
45. Wong F, Blendis L: New challenge of hepatorenal syndrome: prevention and treatment. Hepatology. 2001; 34:1242-1251.
46. Ginés A, Ginés P, Escorcell A, Arroyo V et al. Incidence , predictive factors and prognosis of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1993;105:229-236.
47. Barnardo DE, Baldus WP, Maher FT. Effects of dopamine on renal function in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1970;58:524-531.
48. Back Y, Gaudin C, Hadengue A, et al. Systemic, splanchnic and renal hemodynamic effects of dopaminergic dose dopamine in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1991;14:483-487.
49. Wilson JR. Dopamine in hepatorenal syndrome. JAMA 1997;238:2719-2710.
50. Moore K. The Hepatorenal syndrome. Clinic Sci. 1997;92:433-443.
51. Angeli P, Volpin R, Gerunda G, et al. Reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome with administration of midrodine and
octroetido. Hepatolgy 1999;29:1690-1697.
52. Sabat M, Villanueva C, Rosello J et al. Effect of subcutaneous administration of octreotido on endogenous vasoactive system and renal function in cirrhotic patient with ascites. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43:2184-2189.
53. Lenz K , Hortnagl H, Druml W , et al. Ornipressin in the treatment of functional renal failure in decompensated liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1991;101:1060-1067.
54. Gulberg V, Bilzer M, Gerbes AL. Long-term therapy and retreatment of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 with ornipressin
and dopamine. Hepatology 1999;30:870-875.
55. Escorsell A, Bandi JC, Moitinho E, Rodés J, et al. Time profile of the hemodynamic effects of terlipressin in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 1997;26:621-627.
56. Ganne-Carrie N, Hadengue A, Benjamou JP. Hepatorenal syndrome. Long-term treatment with terlipressin as a bridge to liver transplantation. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41:1054-1056.
57. Uriz J, Ginés P, Sort P, Jiménez W, et al. Terlipressin plus albumin infusion: an effective and safe therapy of hepatorenal
syndrome. J Hepatology 2000;33:43-48.
58. Mulkay JP, Louis H, Deviere J, et al. Long-term terlipresin administration improves renal function in cirrhotic patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: pilot study. Acta gastroenterol Belg 2001;64:15-19.
59. Arroyo V, Bataller R, Guevara M. Treatment of hepatorenal yndrome in cirrhosis In: Arroyo V, Ginés P, Rodés J, Schrier RW eds. Ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease 1st ed. Massachusetts: Blackwell Science, Inc; 1999:492-510.
60. Epstein M. Hepatorenal syndrome. In: Wolfe M eds. Therapy of digestive disorders. A companion to Sleisenger and Fortrans Gastrointestinal and liver disease, 1st ed .Philadelphia, Saunders Company, 2000:398-404.
61. Ellis D, Avner ED, Renal failure and dialysis therapy in children with failure hepatic in the perioperative period of orthotopic liver transplantation. Clin Nephrol 1986;25:295-303.
62. Epstein M, Perez GO. Continuous arteriovenous ultrafiltration in the management of the renal complications of liver disease. Int J Artif Organs. 1985;9:215-216.
63. Davenport A, Will EJ, Davison AM. Effect of renal replacement therapy on patients with combined acute renal and fulminant hepatic failure. Kidney Int Suppl. 1993 Jun;41:S 245-51.
64. Improved cardiovascular stability during continuous modes of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patient with hepatic and renal failure. Crit Care Med. 1993 Mar;21(3):328-38.
65. Davenport A. The management of renal failure in patient at risk of cerebral edema/hypoxia. New Horiz. 1995 Nov; 3(4):717-24.
66. Iwai H, Naki M, Naito T, et al. Removal of endotoxin and cytokines by plasma exchange in patients with acute hepatic
failure. Crit Care Med. 1998 May;26(5):873-6.
67. Bellomo R, Baldwin I, Ronco C. Preliminary experience with high-volume hemofiltration in human septic shock. Kidney Int Suppl. 1998 May;66:S182-5.
68. Wong F, Blendis L. New Challenge of hepatorenal syndrome: prevention and treatment. Hepatolgy 2001;34:1242-1251.
2. Wilensky AO. Occurrence, distribution and pathogenesis of so –called liver death and / or hepatorenal syndrome. Arch Surg 1939;38:625-631.
3. Epstein M. Effects of heart and liver disease and neoplasia on kidney and electrolyte metabolism. In: Massry & Glassok ´s. Textbook of nephrology. 4st ed. Baltimore: Williams& Wilkins, 2000:1067-1077.
4. Flint A. Clinical report on hydro- peritoneum based on a analysis of forty –six cases. Am J med Sci 1863;45:306-339.
5. Hecker R, Sherlock S, Electrolyte and circulatory changes in terminal liver failure. Lancet 1956;2:1221-1225.
6. Koppel MH, Coburn JN et al. Transplantation of cadaveric kidneys from patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Evidence for the functional nature of renal failure in advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 1969;280:1367-1371.
7. Iwatsuki S, Popovtzer MM, et al. Recovery from “hepatorenal syndrome” after orthotopic liver transplantation. N Engl J med 1973;1973;289:1155-1159.
8. Paper S: Hepatorenal syndrome. In Epstein M (ed): The Kidney in Liver Disease, 2 nd ed. New York, Elsevier, 1983, p 87.
9. Shear L, Kleinerman J, Gabuzda GJ: Renal failure in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. I. Clinical and pathologic characteristics. Am J med 39:184,1965.
10. Bataller R, Gines P, Guevara M, Arroyo V. Hepatorenal syndrome. Semin Liver Dis 1997;17:233-248.
11. Bernardo DE, Summerskill WH, Strong CG, Baldus WP. Renal function, rennin activity and endogenous vasoactive substances in cirrhosis. Am J Dig Dis 1970;15:419–425.
12. Dibona GF. Renal nerve activity in hepatorenal syndrome. Kidney Int 1984;25:841-853.
13. Cupin W. Diagnosis and pathophysiology of hepatorenal syndrome. Available from: URL: http//:internet links (http://
www.hdcn.com/symp/02asnb/kup/kup.htm.
14. Bolton C, Barnard WG. The pathological occurrence of the liver in experimental venous stagnation. J Pathol Bacteriol 1931;34:701-706.
15. Papper S. The role of the kidney in Laennec´s cirrhosis of the liver. Medicine 1958;37:299-316.
16. Perera GA. The plasma volume in Laennec´s cirrhosis of the liver. Ann Intern Med 1946;24:643-648.
17. Lieberman FL, Denison EK, Reynolds TB. The relationship of plasma volume, hypertension portal, ascites and renal sodium, and water retention in cirrhosis: the “overflow” theory of ascitis formation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1970;170:202-206.
18. Schier RW, Arroyo V Bernardi M, et al. Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988;8:1151-1157.
19. Ring-Larsen H . Renal blood flow in patients with hepatorenal syndrome. Scand J Clin Invest. 1977 Nov;37(7):635-42
20. Asbert M et al. Humoral response to cirrhosis .Gastroenterology .1993 May; 104(5):1485-91.
21. Ginés P, Fernández-Esparrach G, Arroyo V, Rodés J. Pathogenesis of ascitis in cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 1997;17:175-90.
22. Arroyo V, Ginés P, Jiménez W, Rodés J. Ascitis, renal failure and electrolyte disorders in cirrhosis. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. In : McIntyre N, Benhamou JP, Bircher J,et al, eds. Oxford: Oxford medical publications, 1991:429-470.
23. Laffi G, La Villa G, Pinzani M, et al. Arachidonic acid derivatives and renal function in liver cirrhosis. Semin Nephrol 1997;17:530-548.
24. Ros J, Jiménez W, Bosch-Marcé M, et al. Role of nitric oxide and prostacyclin in the control of renal perfusion in experimental cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995;21:915-920.
25. Quintero E, Ginés P, Arroyo V, et al. Sulindac reduces the urinary excretion of prostaglandins and impairs renal function
in cirrhosis with ascitis. Nephron 1986;42:298-303.
26. Ginés P, Schrier RW. Hepatorenal Syndrome and renal dysfunction associated with liver disease. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, eds. Diseases of the kidney. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1997:2099-2127.
27. Paper S Belsky JL, Bleifer KH. Renal failure in Laennec´s cirrhosis of the liver. I. Description of clinical and laboratory features. Ann Intern Med 1959;51:759.
28. Epstein M: The Hepatorenal Syndrome. Emerging perspective of pathophysiology and therapy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994;4:173594.
29. Epstein M, Oster JR, DeVelasco RE: Hepatorenal syndrome following hemihepatectomy. Clin Nephrology 1976;5:128.
30. Arroyo V, Ginés P, Gerbes A, et al. Definition and criteria diagnostic of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1996;23:164-176.
31. Arroyo V, Rodés J. A rational approach to the treatment of ascitis. Postgrad Med J 1975;51:558-562.
32. Ginés J, Schrier RW. Hepatorenal Syndrome and renal dysfunction associated with liver disease. In: Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, eds. Diseases of the kidney. Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1997:2099-2127.
33. Ignatius KP. Hepatorenal Syndrome. In: Johnson RJ, Feehally J, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 1ed. Barcelona: Mosby; 2000,4:17.1-17.8.
34. Takabatake T et al. Discrepancy between creatinine clearance and rate filtration glomerular in patients with liver diseases. Arch Inter Med 1988 Jun;148(6):1313-1315.
35. Ginés P, Rodés J. Clinical disorders of renal function in cirrhosis with ascites. In: Arroyo V, Ginés P, Rodés J, Schrier RW. Ed. Ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease1st ed. Massachusetts: Blackwell Science, Inc; 1999:36-62.
36. Horio M, Orita Y, Fukunaga M. Assessment of renal Function. In: Johnson RJ, Feehaly J, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 1st ed. Barcelona: Mosby; 2000;2:3.1-4.10.
37. Nadim MK, Kellum JA, Davenport A, Wong F, Davis C, Pannu N, Tolwani A, Bellomo R, Genyk YS; ADQI Workgroup. Hepatorenal syndrome: the 8th International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group.Crit Care. 2012 Feb 9;16(1):R23.
38. Demirtas S, Bozbas A, Akbay A, et al. Diagnostic value of serum cystatina for evaluation of hepatorenal syndrome. Clin Chim Act .2001;311(2):81-89.
39. Eknoyan G. Glomerular abnormalities in liver disease. In: Epstein M, ed. The Kidney in liver disease. Baltimore: Williams& Wilkins. 1988:154-181.
40. Platt JF, Ellis JH, Rubin Jm, et al. Renal duplex doppler ultrasonography: a noninvasive predictor of kidney dysfunction and hepatorenal failure in liver disease. Hepatology 1994;20:362-369.
41. Gonwa TA, Morris CA, Goldstein RM, et al.: Long-term survival and function renal following liver transplantation in patients with and without hepatorenal syndrome- Experience in 300 patients. Transplantation. 1991;51:428.
42. Iwatsuki S, Popovtzer MM, Corman JL, et al: Recovery from hepatorenal syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation. N Eng J Med 289:1155,1973.
43. Wood RP, Ellis D, Starzl TE. The reversal of the hepatorenal syndrome in four pediatric patients following successful orthotopic liver transplantation. Ann Surg 205:415,1987.
44. Ortega R, Calahorra B, Ginés P. Vasoconstrictores en el tratamiento del Síndrome Hepatorrenal. Nefrología 2002 .Vol XXII;S 5:56-61.
45. Wong F, Blendis L: New challenge of hepatorenal syndrome: prevention and treatment. Hepatology. 2001; 34:1242-1251.
46. Ginés A, Ginés P, Escorcell A, Arroyo V et al. Incidence , predictive factors and prognosis of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1993;105:229-236.
47. Barnardo DE, Baldus WP, Maher FT. Effects of dopamine on renal function in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1970;58:524-531.
48. Back Y, Gaudin C, Hadengue A, et al. Systemic, splanchnic and renal hemodynamic effects of dopaminergic dose dopamine in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1991;14:483-487.
49. Wilson JR. Dopamine in hepatorenal syndrome. JAMA 1997;238:2719-2710.
50. Moore K. The Hepatorenal syndrome. Clinic Sci. 1997;92:433-443.
51. Angeli P, Volpin R, Gerunda G, et al. Reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome with administration of midrodine and
octroetido. Hepatolgy 1999;29:1690-1697.
52. Sabat M, Villanueva C, Rosello J et al. Effect of subcutaneous administration of octreotido on endogenous vasoactive system and renal function in cirrhotic patient with ascites. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43:2184-2189.
53. Lenz K , Hortnagl H, Druml W , et al. Ornipressin in the treatment of functional renal failure in decompensated liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1991;101:1060-1067.
54. Gulberg V, Bilzer M, Gerbes AL. Long-term therapy and retreatment of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 with ornipressin
and dopamine. Hepatology 1999;30:870-875.
55. Escorsell A, Bandi JC, Moitinho E, Rodés J, et al. Time profile of the hemodynamic effects of terlipressin in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 1997;26:621-627.
56. Ganne-Carrie N, Hadengue A, Benjamou JP. Hepatorenal syndrome. Long-term treatment with terlipressin as a bridge to liver transplantation. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41:1054-1056.
57. Uriz J, Ginés P, Sort P, Jiménez W, et al. Terlipressin plus albumin infusion: an effective and safe therapy of hepatorenal
syndrome. J Hepatology 2000;33:43-48.
58. Mulkay JP, Louis H, Deviere J, et al. Long-term terlipresin administration improves renal function in cirrhotic patients with type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: pilot study. Acta gastroenterol Belg 2001;64:15-19.
59. Arroyo V, Bataller R, Guevara M. Treatment of hepatorenal yndrome in cirrhosis In: Arroyo V, Ginés P, Rodés J, Schrier RW eds. Ascites and renal dysfunction in liver disease 1st ed. Massachusetts: Blackwell Science, Inc; 1999:492-510.
60. Epstein M. Hepatorenal syndrome. In: Wolfe M eds. Therapy of digestive disorders. A companion to Sleisenger and Fortrans Gastrointestinal and liver disease, 1st ed .Philadelphia, Saunders Company, 2000:398-404.
61. Ellis D, Avner ED, Renal failure and dialysis therapy in children with failure hepatic in the perioperative period of orthotopic liver transplantation. Clin Nephrol 1986;25:295-303.
62. Epstein M, Perez GO. Continuous arteriovenous ultrafiltration in the management of the renal complications of liver disease. Int J Artif Organs. 1985;9:215-216.
63. Davenport A, Will EJ, Davison AM. Effect of renal replacement therapy on patients with combined acute renal and fulminant hepatic failure. Kidney Int Suppl. 1993 Jun;41:S 245-51.
64. Improved cardiovascular stability during continuous modes of renal replacement therapy in critically ill patient with hepatic and renal failure. Crit Care Med. 1993 Mar;21(3):328-38.
65. Davenport A. The management of renal failure in patient at risk of cerebral edema/hypoxia. New Horiz. 1995 Nov; 3(4):717-24.
66. Iwai H, Naki M, Naito T, et al. Removal of endotoxin and cytokines by plasma exchange in patients with acute hepatic
failure. Crit Care Med. 1998 May;26(5):873-6.
67. Bellomo R, Baldwin I, Ronco C. Preliminary experience with high-volume hemofiltration in human septic shock. Kidney Int Suppl. 1998 May;66:S182-5.
68. Wong F, Blendis L. New Challenge of hepatorenal syndrome: prevention and treatment. Hepatolgy 2001;34:1242-1251.
- Los autores/as conservarán sus derechos de autor y garantizarán a la revista el derecho de primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la Licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento- NoComercial- SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional. que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.