Hiponatremia, un reto diagnóstico: análisis de casos clínicos y herramientas para la toma de decisiones
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Palabras clave

Hiponatremia
Tonicidad plasmática
Vasopresina Arginina
Síndrome de Secreción Inadecuada de Hormona Antidiurética
sindrome de cerebro perdedor de sal

Cómo citar

1.
Machado Gómez FA, Guzmán Bedoya ES, Sánchez Ríos V, Bernal Barbosa AE. Hiponatremia, un reto diagnóstico: análisis de casos clínicos y herramientas para la toma de decisiones. Rev. Colomb. Nefrol. [Internet]. 29 de mayo de 2026 [citado 12 de junio de 2026];13(1). Disponible en: https://revistanefrologia.org/index.php/rcn/article/view/984

Resumen

Introducción: la hiponatremia es el trastorno electrolítico más frecuente en la práctica clínica y se asocia con morbimortalidad, prolongación de la estancia hospitalaria y aumento en la utilización de recursos sanitarios. Su presentación variable y su relación con múltiples condiciones subyacentes hacen que su reconocimiento sea esencial en la atención médica.

Objetivo: analizar la fisiopatología, etiología, diagnóstico y manejo de la hiponatremia, con énfasis en optimizar la toma de decisiones clínicas mediante herramientas diagnósticas estructuradas y el uso de casos clínicos representativos.

Metodología: se desarrolló una revisión narrativa basada en literatura científica relevante, integrando principios fisiológicos, evidencia clínica actual y guías de práctica clínica. Esta se complementó con la presentación de casos clínicos que ilustran distintos mecanismos etiológicos y permiten la aplicación de un enfoque diagnóstico sistemático en escenarios reales.

Resultados: la hiponatremia es un trastorno heterogéneo cuya etiología se relaciona principalmente con alteraciones del balance hídrico mediadas por vasopresina. Un enfoque basado en la tonicidad plasmática, la osmolaridad urinaria y el estado de volumen permite diferenciar sus principales causas. La incorporación de herramientas como el ultrasonido a pie de cama (POCUS) y los biomarcadores mejora la precisión diagnóstica.

Conclusiones: un abordaje estructurado, sustentado en la fisiología, mejora la identificación etiológica y reduce errores terapéuticos. La integración de herramientas clínicas, paraclínicas y de imagen permite individualizar el tratamiento y optimizar los desenlaces clínicos, particularmente en pacientes con presentaciones agudas o sintomáticas.

https://doi.org/10.22265/acnef.13.1.984
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Citas

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