Resumen
Introducción: la hiponatremia es el trastorno electrolítico más frecuente en la práctica clínica y se asocia con morbimortalidad, prolongación de la estancia hospitalaria y aumento en la utilización de recursos sanitarios. Su presentación variable y su relación con múltiples condiciones subyacentes hacen que su reconocimiento sea esencial en la atención médica.
Objetivo: analizar la fisiopatología, etiología, diagnóstico y manejo de la hiponatremia, con énfasis en optimizar la toma de decisiones clínicas mediante herramientas diagnósticas estructuradas y el uso de casos clínicos representativos.
Metodología: se desarrolló una revisión narrativa basada en literatura científica relevante, integrando principios fisiológicos, evidencia clínica actual y guías de práctica clínica. Esta se complementó con la presentación de casos clínicos que ilustran distintos mecanismos etiológicos y permiten la aplicación de un enfoque diagnóstico sistemático en escenarios reales.
Resultados: la hiponatremia es un trastorno heterogéneo cuya etiología se relaciona principalmente con alteraciones del balance hídrico mediadas por vasopresina. Un enfoque basado en la tonicidad plasmática, la osmolaridad urinaria y el estado de volumen permite diferenciar sus principales causas. La incorporación de herramientas como el ultrasonido a pie de cama (POCUS) y los biomarcadores mejora la precisión diagnóstica.
Conclusiones: un abordaje estructurado, sustentado en la fisiología, mejora la identificación etiológica y reduce errores terapéuticos. La integración de herramientas clínicas, paraclínicas y de imagen permite individualizar el tratamiento y optimizar los desenlaces clínicos, particularmente en pacientes con presentaciones agudas o sintomáticas.
Citas
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